青藏高原—沙漠的陆—气耦合及对干旱影响的进展及其关键科学问题

作为世界第三极的青藏高原,是对全球天气气候影响最为显著的自然地貌之一.其巨大陆表深入对流层中部,热力效应直接作用于大气,不但形成了亚洲气候格局,甚至会导致北半球乃至全球气候变异.在青藏高原北部分布着北半球中纬度面积最大的沙漠群,与包括青藏高原在内的其他下垫面相比,沙漠具有地表反照率大、土壤热容量小、含水量低等特点,是地球系统中重要的感热源,同样对全球和区域能量平衡及气候变化和变异具有重要作用.青藏高原及其北部广阔沙漠区域——两种重要的陆地系统组成了全球独有的共生地理单元,它们之间的陆—气耦合必定通过某种过程相互关联.干旱是全球常见且危害极为严重的自然灾害,中国是全球干旱发生最为频繁的国家之一,特别是在中国北方,在气候变化大背景下,干旱也呈多发、加重的趋势.干旱成因复杂,始终是国内外相关领域研究的难点和热点.那么,从高原—沙漠共生地理单元的陆—气耦合过程出发,通过何种机制作用于我国北方干旱的形成和演变?这是一个值得探究的前沿论题.梳理了近年来青藏高原大气科学研究和包括沙漠地区的干旱半干旱陆面过程研究的最新进展,从中凝练出青藏高原和北部沙漠之间的陆—气耦合过程对我国干旱影响研究的关键科学问题,以期对开展相关探索的科技工作者有所帮助.     

CINRAD-SA双偏振雷达资料在降水估测中的应用初探

对基于水平反射率ZH和差分传播相移率K_(DP)的降水估测综合法R(C)进行了改进,并对广州S波段双偏振雷达2016年2次飑线和2次台风降水过程的Φ_(DP)使用小波分析进行滤波处理,在此基础上使用变距最小二乘法拟合得到K_(DP)的值。分别使用R(C)和R(Z_H)法对2次飑线和2次台风降水过程进行降水估算,将估算结果和雨量计小时雨量进行了对比,并将两种方法的评估结果进行了对比。结果表明:(1)对于飑线类型降水,R(C)法对5 mm·h~(-1)以上的降水估测精度要好于R(Z_H)法,且降水率越大,R(C)法优势越明显,当降水率≥20 mm·h~(-1)时,两次过程R(C)法比R(Z_H)法的平均相对误差(RE)降低了17. 2%,平均绝对误差(AE)减少了1.89 mm,平均均方根误差(RMSE)减少了1.66 mm;(2)对于台风类型降水,R(C)法对5 mm·h~(-1)以上的降水估测精度也好于R(Z_H)法,当降水率≥20 mm·h~(-1)时,两次过程R(C)法比R(Z_H)法的平均RE降低了33. 19%,平均AE减少了3. 95 mm,平均RMSE减少了4.05 mm;(3)对于飑线和台风两种类型降水R(C)法都明显改善了降水率较大时的R(Z_H)法低估问题,但R(C)法在降水率10 mm·h~(-1)时也存在低估,可能是由雨滴谱资料观测误差导致拟合的系数偏小或雷达硬件造成的观测偏差等造成的。     

舟山钓梁垦区海域沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

2007年8月和12月两次对舟山钓梁垦区周围的沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和有机碳(OC)、硫化物(HS)的含量进行了全样分析。元素Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu的含量在8月测次中分别为1 51.85～1 94.85 ug/g、43.75～56.25 ug/g、0.1～0.11 ug/g和20.37～25.22ug/g,12月测次分别为109.6～144.97 ug/g、31.25～50.00 ug/g、0.01～0.07 ug/g和22.7～30.93 ug/g。受物源和各组分的生物地球化学特征的影响,Cu和Cd的含量冬季高于夏季,而Pb和Zn则夏季明显高于冬季。受当地水动力条件和冲淤影响,8月和12月各组分的空间分布状况有所差别,表现为冬季高含量区向西南偏移。Lars Ha-kanson潜在生态风险评价结果表明,研究区域内各重金属含量均超过了浅海沉积物中质量标准,但各金属元素单因子生态风险系数相对较小,属于轻度风险,总的潜在生态风险程度属于中度,12月潜在生态风险指数明显大于8月。     

Absorption of Arsenite on Several Iron （Hydro-）Oxides and Impact from Pre-processing Methods

The absorption reactions of arsenite on Fe （hydro-）oxides are studied. The three absorbent types are Fe（OH）3 gel and two Fe （hydro-）oxides, in which the Fe（OH）3 gel was dried in a microwave oven under vacuum at 80℃. It is found that pH changes from 9.71 to 10.36 in 6 minutes after the Fe （OH）3 gel was mixed with NaAsO2 solution, as the arsenite replaces the OH- in goethite and Fe（OH）3. At the 40th minute after the start of the reaction, pH decreases, which is most probably because that the monodentate surface complex of absorbed arsenite has changed into mononuclear-bidentate complex and released proton. The decline in pH values indicates not the end of the absorption but a change in the reaction type. Temperature and dissolved gas has little effect on these two types of reactions. The total absorption of arsenite increases after the absorbent is irradiated with ultrasound, which also lead to difficulty in separating the solids from solution. The absorption capacity for arsenite of Fe（OH）3 gel dried in a microwave oven under vacuum is 53.18% and 17.22% respectively better than that of Fe （OH）3 gel and gel dried at 80℃. The possible reasons are that the water molecules in the gel vibrates with high frequency under the effect of microwave irradiation, thereby producing higher porosity and improved surface activity.     

日降水量空间插值方法研究

采用反距离权重法和普通克里格方法对26°~34°N, 103°~115°E范围内2004年逐日降水量进行空间插值试验分析, 分辨率为1 km×1 km。采用交叉检验方法和准确率方法对两种方法插值的总体效果及不同等级的降水插值效果进行综合对比。结果表明:两种方法插值效果近似, 插值结果与实测值相关系数分别为0.83和0.82。但对日雨量较大的情况, 两种方法插值效果均有所降低, 相关系数为0.66和0.67。两种方法的实测值与插值结果的相关系数在不同季节非常接近, 并且均以春季最大, 其次为冬、秋季, 夏季相关系数最小; 通过采用平均误差、平均绝对误差和均方根3个指标衡量及不同等级雨量的插值准确率统计比较, 普通克里格方法插值效果略好于反距离权重法。     

Arc／Info—Grid模块及其水文模型应用

利用地理信息系统可以建立流域的数字高程模型,并与grid模块的水文表面分析工具结合,形成直观的流域环境三维显示,再通过计算、统计与分析,即可获取精确的水文因子数据,为进一步水文定量研究及应用提出了一种高效的方法。     

三维地震数据的方位角时差校正及其应用

三维地震数据的同一共中心点道集是由不同方位角的地震道组成的。当地下地层倾斜时,共中心点道集的反射同相轴就存在方位角时差。本文根据方位角时差校正（ＡＭＯ）的基本原理,从ｆ－ｋ域的正、逆ＤＭＯ出发,通过稳相法得到积分法ＡＭＯ脉冲响应的时间、振幅因子公式。把ＡＭＯ应用于一束实际三维地震数据处理,经ＡＭＯ处理后的剖面绕射波和断面反射波得到了加强,其效果是令人满意的。     

The Complete Sequence of Mitochondrial COⅡ Gene of Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Its Applicability as a Marker for Phylogenetic Analysis

The complete mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅱ （COⅡ） gene of Penaeinae shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis was cloned and sequenced. The gene is 688 bp in length and codes for 229 amino acids. It shows 83.2%, 87.0% and 83.8% sequence similarity to Marsupenaeus Japonicus, Penaeus monodon and Farfantepenaeus notialis, respectively. The A＋T content of the whole gene and that at the third position of codons are 64.7% and 78.2%, respectively. The phylogenetic relationship between F. chinensis and three other species representing genera Farfanatepenaeus, Marsupenaeus and Penaeus was analyzed. Results showed that the genetic distances among the four taxa ranged from 0.144 0 to 0.200 5, exceeding those estimated with COⅠ and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences among Marsupenaeus, Litopenaeus and Melicertus, and being therefore larger than the value among subgenera. It has been suggested that the COⅡ gene has a faster evolutionary rate than that of the COⅠ gene and partial 16S rRNA gene and could be used for phylogenetic analysis at genus or species level. The results of the present study indicated that Farfantepenaeus, Fenneropenaeus, Marsupenaeus and Penaeus are at a higher phylogenetic level than subgenus, which supports the opinion of the elevation of phylogenetic status of the four subgenera to genus level.     

不同植被盖度沙质草地生长季土壤水分动态

水分是干旱半干旱沙地生态系统最大的限制因子，研究植被盖度和土壤水分之间的关系有助于沙地生态恢复和保护。基于生长季科尔沁沙质草地不同植被盖度下土壤水分动态和降水的观测试验，分析了沙质草地植被盖度和土壤水分的耦合关系。结果表明：在土壤剖面上土壤水分存在明显的分层结构，依次为水分剧变层（0~40 cm）、缓变层（40~100 cm）和稳定层（100~180 cm）；植被盖度对土壤水分有很大影响，不同植被盖度下土壤含水量存在显著差异，土壤水分与盖度之间呈倒“V”型关系，土壤水分状况在28%的盖度下最优；不同的植被盖度下土壤水分对降水的响应也存在差异，在13%盖度下响应最敏感，28%和46%的盖度下响应微弱，后二者的土壤水分也相对稳定。在沙地生态恢复建设过程中合理的植被盖度配置可提高降水利用效率，并能使土壤水分和植被达到一种良好的平衡状态，从而有利于生态系统的稳定。     

Urban Metabolism Based on Emergy and Slack Based Model: A Case Study of Beijing,China

The key to studying urban sustainable development depends on quantifying stores, efficiencies of urban metabolisms and capturing urban metabolisms′ mechanisms. This paper builds up the metabolic emergy account and quantifies some important concepts of emergy stores. Emphasis is placed on the urban metabolic model based on the slack based model(SBM) method to measure urban metabolic efficiencies. Urban metabolic mechanisms are discussed by using the regression method. By integrating these models, this paper analyzes the urban metabolic development in Beijing from 2001 to 2010. We conclude that the metabolic emergy stores of Beijing increased significantly from 2001 to 2010, with the emergy imported accounting for most of the increase. The metabolic efficiencies in Beijing have improved since the 2008 Olympic Games. The population, economic growth, industrial structures, and environmental governance positively affect the overall urban metabolism, while the land expansion, urbanization and environmentally technical levels hinder the improving of urban metabolic efficiencies. The SBM metabolic method and the regression model based on the emergy analysis provide insights into the urban metabolic efficiencies and the mechanism. They can promote to integrate such concepts into their sustainability analyses and policy decisions.